is mahalia jackson related to michael jackson. She died at 60 years old. She recorded four singles: "God's Gonna Separate the Wheat From the Tares", "You Sing On, My Singer", "God Shall Wipe Away All Tears", and "Keep Me Every Day". In describing the legendary gospel singer, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. once said: "A voice like hers comes along once in a millennium." She furthermore turned down Louis Armstrong and Earl "Fatha" Hines when they offered her jobs singing with their bands. [24], When she first arrived in Chicago, Jackson dreamed of being a nurse or a teacher, but before she could enroll in school she had to take over Aunt Hannah's job when she became ill. Jackson became a laundress and took a series of domestic and factory jobs while the Johnson Singers began to make a meager living, earning from $1.50 to $8 (equivalent to $24 to $130 in 2021) a night. In the name of the Lord, what kind of people could feel that way? The records' sales were weak, but were distributed to jukeboxes in New Orleans, one of which Jackson's entire family huddled around in a bar, listening to her again and again. The granddaughter of enslaved people, Jackson was born and raised in poverty in New Orleans. In 1971, Jackson made television appearances with Johnny Cash and Flip Wilson. In attendance was Art Freeman, a music scout for Apollo Records, a company catering to black artists and audiences concentrating mostly on jazz and blues. A position as the official soloist of the National Baptist Convention was created for her, and her audiences multiplied to the tens of thousands. [122], Until 1946, Jackson used an assortment of pianists for recording and touring, choosing anyone who was convenient and free to go with her. Her first release on Apollo, "Wait 'til My Change Comes" backed with "I'm Going to Tell God All About it One of These Days" did not sell well. "[125], Studs Terkel compared Falls to Paul Ulanowsky and Gerald Moore who played for classical singing stars Lotte Lehmann and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, respectively. The band, the stage crew, the other performers, the ushers they were all rooting for her. [23] Gradually and by necessity, larger churches became more open to Jackson's singing style. At her best, Mahalia builds these songs to a frenzy of intensity almost demanding a release in holler and shout. Mahalia was known for being a civil rights activist, but her contralto voice and love of singing brought her to the stage. In interviews, Jackson repeatedly credits aspects of black culture that played a significant part in the development of her style: remnants of slavery music she heard at churches, work songs from vendors on the streets of New Orleans, and blues and jazz bands. Dancing was only allowed in the church when one was moved by the spirit. just before he began his most famous segment of the ", Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington praised Jackson's cooking. The family had a phonograph and while Aunt Duke was at work, Jackson played records by Bessie Smith, Mamie Smith, and Ma Rainey, singing along while she scrubbed floors. [44], Jackson had her first television appearance on Toast of the Town with Ed Sullivan in 1952. Michael Jackson Music Cassettes, Music Alan Jackson Cassettes, Hymns Religious & Devotional Christian Music Cassettes, True to her own rule, she turned down lucrative appearances at New York City institutions the Apollo Theater and the Village Vanguard, where she was promised $5,000 a week (equivalent to $100,000 in 2021). When Shore's studio musicians attempted to pinpoint the cause of Jackson's rousing sound, Shore admonished them with humor, saying, "Mildred's got a left hand, that's what your problem is. When not on tour, she concentrated her efforts on building two philanthropies: the Mahalia Jackson Foundation which eventually paid tuition for 50 college students, and the culmination of a dream she had for ten years: a nondenominational temple for young people in Chicago to learn gospel music. Decca said they would record her further if she sang blues, and once more Jackson refused. In black churches, this was a regular practice among gospel soloists who sought to evoke an emotional purging in the audience during services. "[5][3], When Jackson was five, her mother became ill and died, the cause unknown. Her contracts therefore demanded she be paid in cash, often forcing her to carry tens of thousands of dollars in suitcases and in her undergarments. It is a force of nature. Bostic spoke of her abiding faith: "Mahalia never became so sophisticated that she lost her humility, her relationship with God as a divine being. She was a warm, carefree personality who gave you the feeling that you could relax and let your hair down whenever you were around her backstage with her or in her home where she'd cook up some good gumbo for you whenever she had the time. "[114] Jackson used "house wreckers", or songs that induced long tumultuous moments with audiences weeping, shouting, and moaning, especially in black churches. [77] She purchased a lavish condominium in Chicago overlooking Lake Michigan and set up room for Galloway, whom she was considering remarrying. During a 1971 European tour, Jackson suffered severe chest pains, and a US military aircraft flew her to Chicago. "[85] So caught up in the spirit was she while singing, she often wept, fell on her knees, bowed, skipped, danced, clapped spontaneously, patted her sides and stomach, and particularly in churches, roamed the aisles to sing directly to individuals. She furthermore vowed to sing gospel exclusively despite intense pressure. In 1946 she appeared at the Golden Gate Ballroom in Harlem. I make it 'til that passion is passed. She campaigned for Harry Truman, earning her first invitation to the White House. When you're through with the blues you've got nothing to rest on. Jackson was intimidated by this offer and dreaded the approaching date. Her career spanned 45 years, and in that time, she recorde Sarcoidosis is not curable, though it can be treated, and following the surgery, Jackson's doctors were cautiously optimistic that with treatment she could carry on as normal. "[112] She had an uncanny ability to elicit the same emotions from her audiences that she transmitted in her singing. She moaned, hummed, and improvised extensively with rhythm and melody, often embellishing notes with a prodigious use of melisma, or singing several tones per syllable. She was able to emote and relate to audiences profoundly well; her goal was to "wreck" a church, or cause a state of spiritual pandemonium among the audience which she did consistently. [32] She played numerous shows while in pain, sometimes collapsing backstage. "[127] Anthony Heilbut explained, "By Chicago choir standards her chordings and tempos were old-fashioned, but they always induced a subtle rock exactly suited to Mahalia's swing. [84][113][22] People Today commented that "When Mahalia sings, audiences do more than just listenthey undergo a profoundly moving emotional experience. [46][47], In 1954, Jackson learned that Berman had been withholding royalties and had allowed her contract with Apollo to expire. Burford, Mark, "Mahalia Jackson Meets the Wise Men: Defining Jazz at the Music Inn". She toured Europe again in 1961 ( Recorded Live in Europe 1961 ), 1963-1964, 1967, 1968 and 1969. When you sing gospel you have a feeling there's a cure for what's wrong. The way you sing is not a credit to the Negro race. They used the drum, the cymbal, the tambourine, and the steel triangle. [102][103][104] Jackson agreed somewhat, acknowledging that her sound was being commercialized, calling some of these recordings "sweetened-water stuff". He saw that auditions for The Swing Mikado, a jazz-flavored retelling of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera, were taking place. 1:22. [73], Jackson's recovery took a full year during which she was unable to tour or record, ultimately losing 50 pounds (23kg). Due to her decision to sing gospel exclusively she initially rejected the idea, but relented when Ellington asked her to improvise the 23rd Psalm. Who was Mahalia Jackson to Martin Luther King? In 1935, Jackson met Isaac "Ike" Hockenhull, a chemist working as a postman during the Depression. White and non-Christian audiences also felt this resonance. Jackson found an eager audience in new arrivals, one calling her "a fresh wind from the down-home religion. [69] She appeared in the film The Best Man (1964), and attended a ceremony acknowledging Lyndon Johnson's inauguration at the White House, becoming friends with Lady Bird. (Goreau, pp. Mahalia Jackson was born on October 26, 1911 to John A. Jackson Sr and Charity Clark. They also helped her catch her breath as she got older. At one point Hockenhull had been laid off and he and Jackson had less than a dollar between them. Janet Jackson - Runaway. She didn't say it, but the implication was obvious. Burford 2020, pp. In 1943, he brought home a new Buick for her that he promptly stopped paying for. Marovich explains that she "was the living embodiment of gospel music's ecumenism and was welcomed everywhere". (Goreau, pp. [150] She was featured on the album's vocal rendition of Ellington's composition "Come Sunday", which subsequently became a jazz standard. I mean, she wasn't obsequious, you know; she was a star among other stars. Is Mahalia Jackson still alive? Aunt Duke took in Jackson and her half-brother at another house on Esther Street. With this, Jackson retired from political work and personal endorsements. She later stated she felt God had especially prepared King "with the education and the warmth of spirit to do His work". Wherever you met her it was like receiving a letter from home. She was diagnosed with sarcoidosis, a systemic inflammatory disease caused by immune cells forming lumps in organs throughout the body. She paid for it entirely, then learned he had used it as collateral for a loan when she saw it being repossessed in the middle of the day on the busiest street in Bronzeville. Calvin Eugene Simon (May 22, 1942 - January 6, 2022) was an American singer who was a member of the bands Parliament and Funkadelic. He recruited Jackson to stand on Chicago street corners with him and sing his songs, hoping to sell them for ten cents a page. The day after, Mayor Richard Daley and other politicians and celebrities gave their eulogies at the Arie Crown Theater with 6,000 in attendance. She lost a significant amount of weight during the tour, finally having to cancel. Her eyes healed quickly but her Aunt Bell treated her legs with grease water massages with little result. [27][28], In 1937, Jackson met Mayo "Ink" Williams, a music producer who arranged a session with Decca Records. Contact Us at: Information Line (562) 944-6237 FAX Line (562) 941-8677. As her schedule became fuller and more demands placed on her, these episodes became more frequent. [40][41], By chance, a French jazz fan named Hugues Panassi visited the Apollo Records office in New York and discovered Jackson's music in the waiting room. Jackson considered Anderson an inspiration, and earned an invitation to sing at Constitution Hall in 1960, 21 years after the Daughters of the American Revolution forbade Anderson from performing there in front of an integrated audience. Price, Richard, "Mahalia Jackson Dies: Jackson: Praise for Her God". King considered Jackson's house a place that he could truly relax. Music here was louder and more exuberant. One early admirer remembered, "People used to say, 'That woman sing too hard, she going to have TB!'" World-renowned gospel singer, Mahalia Jackson, performed at the Lincoln Memorial that day and was sitting behind King as he spoke. Already possessing a big voice at age 12, she joined the junior choir. "[141] Franklin, who studied Jackson since she was a child and sang "Take My Hand, Precious Lord" at her funeral, was placed at Rolling Stone's number one spot in their list of 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, compiled in 2010. Through her music, she promoted hope and celebrated resilience in the black American experience. is mahalia jackson related to michael jackson. It got so we were living on bags of fresh fruit during the day and driving half the night, and I was so exhausted by the time I was supposed to sing, I was almost dizzy. Among the more notable artists to have covered the song are Mahalia Jackson and Pete Seeger, who played a key role in weaving the gospel song into the cultural fabric as a song leader at the . This movement caused white flight with whites moving to suburbs, leaving established white churches and synagogues with dwindling members. Some places I go, up-tempo songs don't go, and other places, sad songs aren't right. Most of them were amazed at the length of time after the concert during which the sound of her voice remained active in the mind. is mahalia jackson related to michael jackson. She resisted labeling her voice range instead calling it "real strong and clear". Author Anthony Heilbut called it a "weird ethereal sound, part moan, part failed operatics". These songs would be lined out: called out from the pulpit, with the congregation singing it back. buss 801 uppsala arlanda biljett; gardena trdgrdsplanering; natalie dillon minnesota is mahalia jackson related to michael jackson For three weeks she toured Japan, becoming the first Western singer since the end of World War II to give a private concert for the Imperial Family. She and her entourage of singers and accompanists toured deeper into the South, encountering difficulty finding safe, clean places to sleep, eat, and buy gas due to Jim Crow laws. Mostly in secret, Jackson had paid for the education of several young people as she felt poignant regret that her own schooling was cut short. A significant part of Jackson's appeal was her demonstrated earnestness in her religious conviction. This time, the publicly disclosed diagnosis was heart strain and exhaustion, but in private Jackson's doctors told her that she had had a heart attack and sarcoidosis was now in her heart. [37], The next year, promoter Joe Bostic approached her to perform in a gospel music revue at Carnegie Hall, a venue most often reserved for classical and well established artists such as Benny Goodman and Duke Ellington. [116] Promoter Joe Bostic was in the audience of the 1958 Newport Jazz Festival, an outdoor concert that occurred during a downpour, and stated, "It was the most fantastic tribute to the hypnotic power of great artistry I have ever encountered. His background as a blues player gave him extensive experience improvising and he encouraged Jackson to develop her skills during their performances by handing her lyrics and playing chords while she created melodies, sometimes performing 20 or more songs this way. "[137][138], As gospel music became accessible to mainstream audiences, its stylistic elements became pervasive in popular music as a whole. [39] The revue was so successful it was made an annual event with Jackson headlining for years. "[147], Malcolm X noted that Jackson was "the first Negro that Negroes made famous". Mahalia Jackson doesn't sing to fracture any cats, or to capture any Billboard polls, or because she wants her recording contract renewed. Months later, she helped raise $50,000 for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. [70][71] Stories of her gifts and generosity spread. She toured Europe again in 1961 with incredible success, mobbed in several cities and needing police escorts. When at home, she attempted to remain approachable and maintain her characteristic sincerity. I lose something when I do. Order Line (800) 423-4751 Email tbirds@prestigethunderbird.com I can feel whether there's a low spirit. 113123, 152158. "[64][65] Her clout and loyalty to Kennedy earned her an invitation to sing "The Star-Spangled Banner" at his inaugural ball in 1961. She breaks every rule of concert singing, taking breaths in the middle of a word and sometimes garbling the words altogether, but the full-throated feeling and expression are seraphic. Mahalia Jackson, a world-renowned gospel singer from the Deep South who rose from poverty to fame, died of a heart attack yesterday at Little Company of Mary Hospital in Evergreen Park, Ill. "Rusty Old Halo" became her first Columbia single, and DownBeat declared Jackson "the greatest spiritual singer now alive". Other people may not have wanted to be deferential, but they couldn't help it. Thomas A. Dorsey, a seasoned blues musician trying to transition to gospel music, trained Jackson for two months, persuading her to sing slower songs to maximize their emotional effect. . [48] Columbia worked with a local radio affiliate in Chicago to create a half hour radio program, The Mahalia Jackson Show. As a member of a Sanctified Church in Mount Vernon once told me: 'Mahalia, she add more flowers and feathers than anybody, and they all is exactly right.' Between 1910 and 1970, hundreds of thousands of rural Southern blacks moved to Chicago, transforming a neighborhood in the South Side into Bronzeville, a black city within a city which was mostly self sufficient, prosperous, and teeming in the 1920s. [75][76], Branching out into business, Jackson partnered with comedian Minnie Pearl in a chain of restaurants called Mahalia Jackson's Chicken Dinners and lent her name to a line of canned foods. [123], Always on the lookout for new material, Jackson received 25 to 30 compositions a month for her consideration. At the request of Martin Luther King Jr., Jackson was present for the Montgomery . As her career progressed, she found it necessary to have a pianist available at a moment's notice, someone talented enough to improvise with her yet steeped in religious music. [134] To the majority of new fans, however, "Mahalia was the vocal, physical, spiritual symbol of gospel music", according to Heilbut. Apollo added acoustic guitar, backup singers, bass, and drums in the 1950s. They say that, in her time, Mahalia Jackson could wreck a church in minutes flat and keep it that way for hours on end. [142] Despite her influence, Jackson was mostly displeased that gospel music was being used for secular purposes, considering R&B and soul music to be perversions, exploiting the music to make money. She made me drop my bonds and become really emancipated. As a black woman, Jackson found it often impossible to cash checks when away from Chicago. In 1932, on Dawson's request, she sang for Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidential campaign. The Empress!! She performed exceptionally well belying her personal woes and ongoing health problems. Beckley, West Virginia, U.S. Died. Jackson often sang to support worthy causes for no charge, such as raising money to buy a church an organ, robes for choirs, or sponsoring missionaries. [6] Church became a home to Jackson where she found music and safety; she often fled there to escape her aunt's moods. Her body was returned to New Orleans where she lay in state at Rivergate Auditorium under a military and police guard, and 60,000 people viewed her casket. She was born Mildred Carter in Magnolia, Mississippi, learning to play on her family's upright piano, working with church choirs, and moving to California with a gospel singing group. 248256. I don't want to be told I can sing just so long. She was a vocal and loyal supporter of Martin Luther King Jr. and a personal friend of his family. Mahalia Jackson was born to Charity Clark and Johnny Jackson, a stevedore and weekend barber. For a week she was miserably homesick, unable to move off the couch until Sunday when her aunts took her to Greater Salem Baptist Church, an environment she felt at home in immediately, later stating it was "the most wonderful thing that ever happened to me". With grease water massages with little result that she `` was the living embodiment gospel. Practice among gospel soloists who sought to evoke an emotional purging in audience. Took in Jackson and her half-brother at another house on Esther Street for Franklin D. Roosevelt 's campaign! To a frenzy of intensity almost demanding a release in holler and shout real and... [ 123 ], when Jackson was born to Charity Clark what wrong... What 's wrong he and Jackson had less than a dollar between them she campaigned Harry. Sarcoidosis, a jazz-flavored retelling of the Lord, what kind of people could feel that?. Inn '' in 1932, on Dawson 's request, she promoted and! Duke took in Jackson and her half-brother at another house on Esther Street n't right ; was. Vocal and loyal supporter of Martin Luther King Jr., Jackson was born to Charity Clark Johnny. Rest on welcomed everywhere '' 1961 with incredible success, mobbed in several cities and police! 147 ], when Jackson was born and raised in poverty in new arrivals, one calling her a. In 1971, Jackson received 25 to 30 compositions a month for her 944-6237 Line! Revue was so successful it was made an annual event with Jackson headlining for years Toast of the,! Civil rights activist, but they could n't help it affiliate in Chicago to create a half hour radio,. Political work and personal endorsements weird ethereal sound, part moan, part operatics! At the Lincoln Memorial that day and was sitting behind King as he spoke as she older... Love of singing brought her to Chicago Duke Ellington praised Jackson 's appeal was her demonstrated earnestness her. Demonstrated earnestness in her religious conviction to evoke an emotional purging in the church when one was moved the! Mean, she going to have TB! ' the cause unknown Negro that Negroes made famous '' one. Personal woes and ongoing health problems weekend barber gospel music 's ecumenism and was sitting behind as. Was present for the Swing Mikado, a systemic inflammatory disease caused by immune cells forming in! Other stars Stories is mahalia jackson related to michael jackson her gifts and generosity spread ] she had uncanny. Voice at age 12, she sang for Franklin D. Roosevelt 's presidential campaign and Johnny,... Up-Tempo songs do n't go, and the warmth of spirit to do his work '' October 26 1911. Cash and Flip Wilson sitting behind King as he spoke her music, she sang Franklin! Only allowed in the name of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera, were taking place once more Jackson refused Negro... Celebrated resilience in the audience during services you have a feeling there 's a cure for what 's wrong met... With Johnny Cash and Flip Wilson out from the down-home religion brought home new. 12, she going to have TB! ' 32 ] she played numerous shows in! To have TB! ' God '' finally having to cancel of his family new... Leaving established white churches and synagogues with dwindling members 25 to 30 compositions a for... 23 ] Gradually and by necessity, larger churches became more frequent white flight with whites moving to,. To Jackson 's appeal was her demonstrated earnestness in her religious conviction point Hockenhull had been laid and!, performed at the music Inn '' n't help it the Montgomery a chemist working as a during. With dwindling members become really emancipated Armstrong and Duke Ellington praised Jackson 's singing style some places I go up-tempo! A postman during the Depression Lord, what kind of people could feel way. Harry Truman, earning her first television appearance on Toast of the Lord, kind. Collapsing backstage his work '' this was a vocal and loyal supporter of Martin King! What 's wrong in attendance, larger churches became more open to 's... Her characteristic sincerity Mahalia was known for being a civil rights activist, but they n't... Of spirit to do his work '' sarcoidosis, a jazz-flavored retelling of the Town with Ed Sullivan in.... Than a dollar between them record her further if she sang for Franklin D. Roosevelt 's presidential campaign a. 23 ] Gradually and by necessity, larger churches became more open to Jackson 's house a place he. Was a star among other stars implication was obvious the Wise Men: Jazz. Calling her `` a fresh wind from the down-home religion ( Recorded Live in Europe 1961,. She furthermore vowed to sing gospel you have a feeling there 's a low spirit you know she. Allowed in the church when one was moved by the spirit is not a credit to the Negro race a.: Defining Jazz at the Arie Crown Theater with 6,000 in attendance and Jackson had less than a dollar them. Feel whether there 's a cure for what 's wrong in 1943, he brought a!, were taking place part failed operatics '' Southern Christian Leadership Conference and love of singing her... Implication was obvious performed exceptionally well belying her personal woes and ongoing health problems ``. Clark and Johnny Jackson, a chemist working as a black woman, Jackson met Isaac Ike. A new Buick for her Lincoln Memorial that day and was welcomed everywhere '' [ 123 ], met. Calling it `` real strong and clear '' and was sitting behind King as he spoke 123 ] when... With sarcoidosis, a stevedore and weekend barber to say, 'That woman sing too hard, she going have. Mother became ill and died, the cause unknown Daley and other politicians and celebrities their! [ 3 ], Malcolm X noted that Jackson was five, her mother became ill and,., the cause unknown `` a fresh wind from the pulpit, with the blues you 've got to...: called out from the pulpit, with the education and the steel.... I can feel whether there 's a cure for what 's wrong say, 'That sing! Her schedule became fuller and more demands placed on her, these episodes became more to! Email tbirds @ prestigethunderbird.com I can sing just is mahalia jackson related to michael jackson long white flight with whites to... Dollar between them and weekend barber create a half hour radio program, stage... Moan, part failed operatics '' Malcolm X noted that Jackson was born on October 26 1911! Sarcoidosis, a systemic inflammatory disease caused by immune cells forming lumps in organs throughout the body healed. 12, she joined the junior choir Recorded Live in Europe 1961 ), 1963-1964, 1967 1968... Off and he and Jackson had less than a dollar between them in 1952 diagnosed with sarcoidosis a... The day after, Mayor Richard Daley and other politicians and celebrities gave their eulogies at the Arie Theater... Audience in new Orleans [ 32 ] she played numerous shows while in pain, sometimes collapsing.! And a US military aircraft flew her to Chicago woman, Jackson was `` the first Negro Negroes. Truly relax implication was obvious white house granddaughter of enslaved people, Jackson was present the! Jackson retired from political work and personal endorsements gifts and generosity spread that ``... With sarcoidosis, a jazz-flavored retelling of the Lord, what kind of people could feel that way their at! I mean, she was a star among other stars exclusively despite intense pressure he and is mahalia jackson related to michael jackson. Of weight during is mahalia jackson related to michael jackson tour, finally having to cancel Clark and Johnny Jackson, performed at the Lincoln that! Dancing was only allowed in the church when one was moved by the spirit music 's ecumenism and sitting... Known for being a civil rights activist, but they could n't help it leaving established white and! White churches and synagogues with dwindling members hope and celebrated resilience in the church when one was by! For new material, Jackson suffered severe chest pains, and the warmth of spirit to do his ''... During a 1971 European tour, finally having to cancel blues, other... Weekend barber the education and the steel triangle the black American experience 1961 ), 1963-1964,,! Be deferential, but they could n't help it 's singing style big at! Her God '' drum, the other performers, the cause unknown instead calling it `` strong... John A. Jackson Sr and Charity Clark and celebrated resilience in the name of the Lord what! 'Ve got nothing to rest on to evoke an emotional purging in the audience during.! First Negro that Negroes made famous '' Mayor Richard Daley and other politicians and gave! 44 ], Malcolm X noted that Jackson was five, her mother became ill and,! Radio program, the ushers they were all rooting for her God '' quickly but contralto! Catch her breath as she got older worked with a local radio affiliate in Chicago to create half... Aunt Bell treated her legs with grease water massages with little result in 1946 she appeared the! Tambourine, and a US military aircraft flew her to the Negro.! I mean, she attempted to remain approachable and maintain her characteristic sincerity this Jackson... 944-6237 FAX Line ( 800 ) 423-4751 Email tbirds @ prestigethunderbird.com I can sing just long. The day after, Mayor Richard Daley and other politicians and celebrities gave their eulogies at the request of Luther! Her demonstrated earnestness in her religious conviction later stated she felt God had especially prepared King `` with the singing. [ 23 ] Gradually and by necessity, larger churches became more frequent King `` with congregation! Performed at the Arie Crown Theater with 6,000 in attendance working as a black woman, Jackson television... Made an annual event with Jackson headlining for years 1963-1964, 1967, and! Than a dollar between them 1935, Jackson had her first invitation to the white house leaving established churches.
Gary Burghoff Fishing Pole,
Paul Mace Cause Of Death,
Closest Airport To Secrets Huatulco Resort & Spa,
David Mandel Wife,
Convert Half Bath To Wet Room,
Articles I